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Answer: 3. Binary Space-Partitioning.

Explanation:

• BSP stands for Binary Space-Partitioning, a method used in computer graphics to recursively divide a space into two subspaces.
• It is commonly used for rendering 3D scenes efficiently by organizing objects in a hierarchical structure.

Answer: 4. Point source.

Explanation:

• The point source is the simplest model for a light emitter, where light is assumed to originate from a single point in space.
• It is used in basic lighting calculations to simulate light radiating uniformly in all directions.

Answer: 2. Visible surface detection.

Explanation:

• Visible surface detection algorithms determine which surfaces of a 3D object are visible to the viewer.
• They are classified based on whether they process object definitions directly (object-space methods) or their projected images (image-space methods).

Answer: 1. Translation.

Explanation:

• Translation is a transformation that moves an object along a straight line by adding a fixed distance to its coordinates.
• It is used to reposition objects in a scene without altering their size or orientation.

Answer: 1. Reflection.

Explanation:

• Reflection is a transformation that produces a mirror image of an object across a specified axis or plane.
• It is commonly used to create symmetrical objects or simulate mirror effects.

Answer: 1. Computer animation.

Explanation:

• Computer animation refers to the creation of a sequence of visual changes over time to simulate motion or transformation.
• It is widely used in movies, video games, and simulations.

Answer: 1. Window.

Explanation:

• A window is a rectangular region in the world coordinate system that is selected for display.
• It defines the portion of the scene that will be mapped to the viewport on the screen.

Answer: 3. Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping.

Explanation:

• The Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping algorithm is one of the oldest and most popular methods for clipping lines against a rectangular window.
• It uses region codes to efficiently determine which parts of a line lie inside or outside the clipping window.

Answer: 4. Depth buffer method.

Explanation:

• The depth buffer method (or Z-buffer method) is an image-space approach for visible surface detection.
• It compares the depth (Z-value) of each pixel to determine which surfaces are visible.

Answer: 1. Lighting model.

Explanation:

• An illumination model (or lighting model) describes how light interacts with surfaces to produce color and shading effects.
• It is used to simulate realistic lighting in computer graphics.

Answer: 4. Defuse reflection.

Explanation:

• Diffuse reflection refers to the scattering of light in all directions when it strikes a rough surface.
• It is responsible for the even illumination of objects and is independent of the viewer’s position.

Answer: 3. Single surface.

Explanation:

• The area subdivision method divides the viewing area into smaller regions and identifies those regions that represent a single surface.
• It leverages area coherence to simplify visible surface detection.

Answer: 1. Axonometric orthographic projection.

Explanation:

• Axonometric orthographic projection is a type of orthographic projection that displays more than one face of an object.
• It is commonly used in technical drawings to provide a 3D view of an object.

Answer: 3. Point.

Explanation:

• Spotlights emit light within a cone-shaped region, with the apex of the cone at the point source position.
• They are used to create focused lighting effects in scenes.

Answer: 3. View port.

Explanation:

• A viewport is the area on a display device where the contents of a window are mapped and displayed.
• It defines the region of the screen where the image will appear.

Answer: 4. Object.

Explanation:

• Scaling is a transformation that changes the size of an object by multiplying its coordinates by scaling factors.
• It can enlarge or reduce the object uniformly or non-uniformly.

Answer: 4. Base vectors.

Explanation:

• Base vectors are a set of unit vectors that define the coordinate axes in a vector space.
• They are used to represent directions and orientations in 2D or 3D space.

Answer: 1. Vector.

Explanation:

• A matrix with a single row or column is called a vector.
• It represents a quantity with both magnitude and direction in space.

Answer: 1. Square matrix.

Explanation:

• A square matrix has the same number of rows and columns.
• It is commonly used in transformations, such as rotation and scaling.

Answer: 3. View up vector.

Explanation:

• The view up vector defines the upward direction in a 3D viewing system.
• It is used to orient the camera and determine the orientation of the scene.

Answer: 2. Clip window.

Explanation:

• The clip window is the region in the world coordinate system against which objects are clipped.
• It defines the visible area of the scene.

Answer: 2. Windowing transformation.

Explanation:

• The windowing transformation maps the contents of a window in the world coordinate system to a viewport on the display device.
• It ensures proper scaling and positioning of the image.

Answer: 3. Least-squares.

Explanation:

• The least-squares algorithm is a standard method for fitting a function to a set of data points by minimizing the sum of the squared differences between the observed and predicted values.

Answer: 1. Hue, lightness and saturation.

Explanation:

• The HLS color model represents colors using three parameters: hue (the color itself), lightness (brightness), and saturation (intensity).

Answer: 3. Z-buffer.

Explanation:

• The depth-buffer method is also called the Z-buffer method, as it uses a buffer to store the depth (Z-value) of each pixel.

Answer: 4. Constructive Solid Geometry.

Explanation:

• CSG stands for Constructive Solid Geometry, a technique used to create complex 3D models by combining simpler shapes using Boolean operations.

Answer: 4. Direct.

Explanation:

• The direct specification method defines motion paths explicitly by specifying the coordinates of key points.
• It is the simplest and most straightforward approach.

Answer: 4. Newton-raphson.

Explanation:

• The Newton-Raphson algorithm is a widely used iterative method for finding roots of nonlinear equations.
• It converges quickly to the solution when an initial guess is close to the root.

Answer: 3. Key frames.

Explanation:

• Curve-fitting techniques are used to define smooth animation paths between key frames, which represent important positions or states in the animation.

Answer: 2. Scene.

Explanation:

• Scene description involves defining the objects, lighting, and camera positions in an animation.
• It is a fundamental task in animation specification.

Answer: 4. Parameterized.

Explanation:

• A parameterized system allows motion characteristics (e.g., speed, direction) to be defined as part of the object’s properties.
• This simplifies the creation of dynamic animations.

Answer: 4. Fixed point.

Explanation:

• Fixed-point transformations are used to animate objects along 2D motion paths by specifying a fixed reference point.
• This ensures smooth and consistent motion.

Answer: 3. Flat.

Explanation:

• Constant-intensity shading (or flat shading) assigns a single color to each polygon, resulting in a flat appearance.
• It is computationally efficient but lacks smooth gradients.

Answer: 3. Constant-intensity.

Explanation:

• Constant-intensity shading is a fast and simple rendering method for polygon surfaces.
• It is commonly used in real-time applications where performance is critical.

Answer: 3. Wireframe.

Explanation:

• Wireframe visibility methods determine which edges of an object are visible in a wireframe representation.
• They are used to render 3D objects as a network of lines.

Answer: 4. Pixel.

Explanation:

• A limitation of the depth-buffer method is that it can only store one visible surface per pixel.
• This makes it unsuitable for rendering transparent or overlapping surfaces.

Answer: 3. Intensity.

Explanation:

• The A-buffer (anti-aliased buffer) stores both the depth and intensity of each pixel.
• It is used to improve image quality by reducing aliasing effects.

Answer: 3. Depth.

Explanation:

• The A-buffer stores the depth and intensity of each pixel to support anti-aliasing and transparency.

Answer: 4. Normalized projection coordinate.

Explanation:

• The normalized projection coordinate system maps a parallelepiped into a unit cube for simplified clipping and transformation operations.

Answer: 1. Electrical.

Explanation:

• Emissive displays (e.g., OLED, plasma) convert electrical energy into light, producing bright and vibrant images.

Answer: 1. Light.

Explanation:

• Emissive displays generate light directly from electrical energy, eliminating the need for a backlight.

Answer: 1. Sunlight.

Explanation:

• Non-emissive displays (e.g., LCDs) rely on external light sources, such as sunlight or backlighting, to produce images.

Answer: 1. Graphics pattern.

Explanation:

• Non-emissive displays modulate external light to create graphics patterns, making them energy-efficient but dependent on ambient light.

Answer: 2. Plasma panel.

Explanation:

• Plasma panels are also known as gas-discharge displays because they use ionized gas to produce light.

Answer: 2. Full.

Explanation:

• The RGB color system with 24 bits (8 bits per channel) is called the full-color system, as it can represent millions of colors.

Answer: 3. Reflection plane.

Explanation:

• A 3D reflection can be performed relative to a reflection axis or a reflection plane, which defines the mirroring surface.

Answer: 2. Solid.

Explanation:

• Solid modeling packages provide various construction techniques, such as extrusion, sweeping, and Boolean operations, to create 3D models.

Answer: 3. Sweep.

Explanation:

• Sweep representations are used to create 3D objects by moving a 2D shape along a path, making them ideal for objects with translational or rotational symmetry.

Answer: 4. Monitor.

Explanation:

• The monitor is the primary output device in a graphics system, displaying the rendered images and visual content.

Answer: 2. Cathode ray tube.

Explanation:

• Most traditional video monitors operate using a cathode ray tube (CRT), which uses an electron beam to illuminate phosphors on the screen.

Answer: 2. Cathode ray tube.

Explanation:

• Most traditional video monitors operate using a cathode ray tube (CRT).
• CRTs use an electron beam to illuminate phosphors on the screen, creating images.
• This technology was widely used in older televisions and computer monitors.