3. Programming Language and Its Applications

3.1 Introduction to C Programming

• C Tokens, Operators
• Formatted/Unformatted Input/Output
• Control Statements, Looping
• User-defined Functions, Recursive Functions
• Array (1-D, 2-D, Multidimensional), and String Manipulations

3.2 Pointers, Structure, and Data Files in C Programming

• Pointer Arithmetic, Pointer and Array
• Passing Pointer to Function
• Structure vs Union, Array of Structure
• Passing Structure to Function, Structure and Pointer
• Input/Output Operations on Files
• Sequential and Random Access to File

3.3 C++ Language Constructs with Objects and Classes

• Namespace, Function Overloading
• Inline Functions, Default Argument
• Pass/Return by Reference
• Introduction to Class and Object, Access Specifiers
• Objects and the Member Access
• Defining Member Functions, Constructor and Its Type, Destructor
• Dynamic Memory Allocation for Objects and Object Array
• This Pointer, Static Data Member and Static Function
• Constant Member Functions and Constant Objects
• Friend Function and Friend Classes

3.4 Features of Object-Oriented Programming

• Operator Overloading (Unary, Binary), Data Conversion
• Inheritance (Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hybrid, Multipath)
• Constructor/Destructor in Single/Multilevel Inheritances

3.5 Pure Virtual Function and File Handling

• Virtual Function, Dynamic Binding
• Defining, Opening, and Closing a File
• Input/Output Operations on Files
• Error Handling During Input/Output Operations
• Stream Class Hierarchy for Console Input/Output
• Unformatted Input/Output
• Formatted Input/Output with ios Member Functions and Flags
• Formatting with Manipulators

3.6 Generic Programming and Exception Handling

• Function Template, Overloading Function Template
• Class Template, Function Definition of Class Template
• Standard Template Library (Containers, Algorithms, Iterators)
• Exception Handling Constructs (try, catch, throw)
• Multiple Exception Handling, Rethrowing Exception
• Catching All Exceptions, Exception with Arguments
• Exceptions Specification for Function
• Handling Uncaught and Unexpected Exceptions