4. Computer Organization and Embedded System

4.1 Control and Central Processing Units

• Control Memory, Addressing Sequencing
• Computer Configuration, Microinstruction Format
• Design of Control Unit, CPU Structure and Function
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes
• Data Transfer and Manipulation
• RISC and CISC
• Pipelining, Parallel Processing

4.2 Computer Arithmetic and Memory System

• Arithmetic and Logical Operations
• The Memory Hierarchy
• Internal and External Memory
• Cache Memory Principles
• Elements of Cache Design: Cache Size, Mapping Function, Replacement Algorithm, Write Policy, Number of Caches, Memory Write Ability, and Storage Permanence
• Composing Memory

4.3 Input-Output Organization and Multiprocessor

• Peripheral Devices, I/O Modules
• Input-output Interface
• Modes of Transfer: Direct Memory Access
• Characteristics of Multiprocessors
• Interconnection Structure, Inter-Processor Communication and Synchronization

4.4 Hardware-Software Design Issues on Embedded System

• Embedded Systems Overview
• Classification of Embedded Systems
• Custom Single-Purpose Processor Design
• Optimizing Custom Single-Purpose Processors
• Basic Architecture, Operation, and Programmer’s View
• Development Environment
• Application-Specific Instruction-Set Processors

4.5 Real-Time Operating and Control System

• Operating System Basics: Task, Process, and Threads
• Multiprocessing and Multitasking
• Task Scheduling, Task Synchronization
• Device Drivers
• Open-loop and Close-loop Control System Overview, Control

4.6 Hardware Description Language and IC Technology

• VHDL Overview
• Overflow and Data Representation Using VHDL
• Design of Combinational and Sequential Logic Using VHDL
• Pipelining Using VHDL